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Site = Index |=20 Trademarks/Graphics=20 | F.A.Q.=20 | Search | "Open = Source"=20 Swag =

.:: = Document=20 Index ::.

*The=20 Open Source Definition
*The = Halloween=20 Documents
*OSI = Press=20 Releases
*OSI=20 Certification Mark
*OSI Approved=20 Licenses
*Peru Answers=20 MS F.U.D.
*OSI's=20 History in connection to OSI = Site=20 History
*On=20 'shared source'
*Graphics and = Trademarks =

.:: = OSD change=20 log ::.

*1.0=20 identical to DFSG, except for addition of MPL and QPL = to=20 clause 10.
*1.1 added LGPL to clause 10.
*1.2 = added=20 public-domain to clause 10.
*1.3 retitled clause 10 = and=20 split off the license list, adding material on=20 procedures.
*1.4=20 Now explicit about source code requirement for PD=20 software.
*1.5 allow "reasonable reproduction cost" = to meet=20 GPL terms.
*1.6 Edited section 10; this material = has=20 moved.
*1.7=20 Section 10 replaced with new "Conformance" = section.
*1.8=20 Section 1: replaced "may not" with "shall not".
*1.9=20 Section 9: removed rationale referring to the action = of the=20 GPL as Contaminat[ion].
* Section 10 added.
* = Site = History=20

.:: = Conformance=20 to the OSD ::.

(This section is not part of the Open Source=20 Definition.)

We think the Open Source Definition captures what = the great=20 majority of the software community originally meant, = and still=20 mean, by the term "Open Source". However, the term has = become=20 widely used and its meaning has lost some precision. = The=20 OSI Certified mark is OSI's way of = certifying=20 that the license under which the software is = distributed=20 conforms to the OSD; the generic term "Open Source" = cannot=20 provide that assurance, but we still encourage use of = the term=20 "Open Source" to mean conformance to the OSD. For = information=20 about the OSI Certified mark, and for = a list=20 of licenses that OSI has approved as conforming to the = OSD,=20 see the OSD Certification = Mark = page.

The Open Source Definition

Version 1.9

The indented, italicized sections below = appear=20 as annotations to the Open Source Definition = (OSD) and=20 are not a part of the OSD. A plain = version of=20 the OSD without annotations can be found here.
A printable version of this annotated = page is=20 available here.=20

Introduction

Open source doesn't just mean access to the = source=20 code. The distribution terms of open-source = software=20 must comply with the following criteria:

1. Free Redistribution

The license shall not restrict any party from = selling=20 or giving away the software as a component of an = aggregate software distribution containing = programs from=20 several different sources. The license shall not = require=20 a royalty or other fee for such sale.

Rationale: By constraining the = license to=20 require free redistribution, we eliminate the=20 temptation to throw away many long-term gains = in order=20 to make a few short-term sales dollars. If we = didn't=20 do this, there would be lots of pressure for=20 cooperators to defect. =

2. Source Code

The program must include source code, and = must allow=20 distribution in source code as well as compiled = form.=20 Where some form of a product is not distributed = with=20 source code, there must be a well-publicized = means of=20 obtaining the source code for no more than a = reasonable=20 reproduction cost=96preferably, downloading via = the=20 Internet without charge. The source code must be = the=20 preferred form in which a programmer would = modify the=20 program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is = not=20 allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output = of a=20 preprocessor or translator are not allowed.

Rationale: We require access to=20 un-obfuscated source code because you can't = evolve=20 programs without modifying them. Since our = purpose is=20 to make evolution easy, we require that = modification=20 be made easy.

3. Derived Works

The license must allow modifications and = derived=20 works, and must allow them to be distributed = under the=20 same terms as the license of the original = software.

Rationale: The mere ability to = read=20 source isn't enough to support independent = peer review=20 and rapid evolutionary selection. For rapid = evolution=20 to happen, people need to be able to = experiment with=20 and redistribute=20 modifications.

4. Integrity of The Author's Source = Code

The license may restrict source-code from = being=20 distributed in modified form only if = the=20 license allows the distribution of "patch files" = with=20 the source code for the purpose of modifying the = program=20 at build time. The license must explicitly = permit=20 distribution of software built from modified = source=20 code. The license may require derived works to = carry a=20 different name or version number from the = original=20 software.

Rationale: Encouraging lots of=20 improvement is a good thing, but users have a = right to=20 know who is responsible for the software they = are=20 using. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal = right=20 to know what they're being asked to support = and=20 protect their reputations.

Accordingly, an open-source license = must=20 guarantee that source be readily available, = but=20 may require that it be distributed as = pristine=20 base sources plus patches. In this way, = "unofficial"=20 changes can be made available but readily=20 distinguished from the base=20 source.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or=20 Groups

The license must not discriminate against any = person=20 or group of persons.

Rationale: In order to get the = maximum=20 benefit from the process, the maximum = diversity of=20 persons and groups should be equally eligible = to=20 contribute to open sources. Therefore we = forbid any=20 open-source license from locking anybody out = of the=20 process.

Some countries, including the United = States,=20 have export restrictions for certain types of=20 software. An OSD-conformant license may warn = licensees=20 of applicable restrictions and remind them = that they=20 are obliged to obey the law; however, it may = not=20 incorporate such restrictions=20 itself.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of=20 Endeavor

The license must not restrict anyone from = making use=20 of the program in a specific field of endeavor. = For=20 example, it may not restrict the program from = being used=20 in a business, or from being used for genetic=20 research.

Rationale: The major intention of = this=20 clause is to prohibit license traps that = prevent open=20 source from being used commercially. We want=20 commercial users to join our community, not = feel=20 excluded from = it.

7. Distribution of License

The rights attached to the program must apply = to all=20 to whom the program is redistributed without the = need=20 for execution of an additional license by those=20 parties.

Rationale: This clause is = intended to=20 forbid closing up software by indirect means = such as=20 requiring a non-disclosure=20 agreement.

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a=20 Product

The rights attached to the program must not = depend on=20 the program's being part of a particular = software=20 distribution. If the program is extracted from = that=20 distribution and used or distributed within the = terms of=20 the program's license, all parties to whom the = program=20 is redistributed should have the same rights as = those=20 that are granted in conjunction with the = original=20 software distribution.

Rationale: This clause forecloses = yet=20 another class of license=20 traps.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other = Software

The license must not place restrictions on = other=20 software that is distributed along with the = licensed=20 software. For example, the license must not = insist that=20 all other programs distributed on the same = medium must=20 be open-source software.

Rationale: Distributors of = open-source=20 software have the right to make their own = choices=20 about their own software.

Yes, the GPL is conformant with this=20 requirement. Software linked with GPLed = libraries only=20 inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, = not any=20 software with which they are merely=20 distributed.

*10. License Must Be = Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be predicated = on any=20 individual technology or style of interface.

Rationale: This provision is = aimed=20 specifically at licenses which require an = explicit=20 gesture of assent in order to establish a = contract=20 between licensor and licensee. Provisions = mandating=20 so-called "click-wrap" may conflict with = important=20 methods of software distribution such as FTP = download,=20 CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such = provisions=20 may also hinder code re-use. Conformant = licenses must=20 allow for the possibility that (a) = redistribution of=20 the software will take place over non-Web = channels=20 that do not support click-wrapping of the = download,=20 and that (b) the covered code (or re-used = portions of=20 covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment = that=20 cannot support popup dialogues.=20

Origins: = Bruce Perens=20 wrote the first draft of this document as "The Debian = Free=20 Software Guidelines", and refined it using the = comments of the=20 Debian developers in a month-long e-mail conference in = June,=20 1997. He removed the Debian-specific references from = the=20 document to create the "Open Source Definition."=20

Copyright =A9 2004 by the Open Source=20 Initiative
Send questions or suggestions about = the=20 website to Steve M.: webmaster at=20 opensource.org